A review of biocyanidation as a sustainable route for gold recovery from primary and secondary low-grade resources

Gold recovery from limited global resources has gained increasing attention due to a growing demand for gold and heightened social awareness of the high toxicity environmental threat traditional cyanidation. This led development biomining methods extract low-grade ores variety wastes using microbes generate required reagents. One such method, biocyanidation, potential be an environmentally friendly technique ore secondary resources. review quantifies resources, presents leaching technologies, describes biocyanidation process, including properties commonly used cyanogenic bacteria influencing factors. Methods measure free biogenic cyanide are summarized, with focus on silver nitrate method potentiometric end-point titration. Finally, is systematically comprehensively analyzed in context commercial technical limitations imposed by reserves that infeasible commercialization, recommendations improvements process suggested. provides insights necessity urgency recycling both primary crucial role present challenges future directions toward application process.